Legislation with a significant impact on the function of Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) rental assistance and public housing programs, Federal Housing Administration (FHA) requirements Read more...
Legislation with a significant impact on the function of Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) rental assistance and public housing programs, Federal Housing Administration (FHA) requirements for condominium mortgage insurance, and Department of Agriculture (USDA) single family housing guaranteed loan programs passed the Senate on Friday. H.R. 3700 passed through the House of Representatives on February 2nd, so the legislation will be moving to the President’s desk for approval or veto. It passed both houses with broad bipartisan support—it received zero “No” votes. The legislation has been supported by the National Association of REALTORS® (NAR), the California Association of Mortgage Professionals (CAMP), and other professional organizations involved with the real estate industry.
Below we have highlighted the key impacts this legislation will have if the president signs it into law (the full text and summary of the impacts of the bill can be found here).
What Could Change with HUD
As may be expected, HUD’s Section 8 housing voucher program (and any other family rental assistance programs) is subject to change. Public housing agencies (PHAs) that administer the program would have new expectations to develop systems to review the incomes of families receiving assistance. This includes annual review or any time income and deductions are expected to increase by 10%. Tenancy must be terminated or the greater of “fair market rent or the amount of the government subsidy for the unit” in the event a tenant’s income is “greater than 120% of the area median income for two consecutive years”.
PHAs are also prohibited from renting a dwelling to or assisting a family with “net family assets exceeding $100,000 (adjusted for inflation) or an ownership interest in property that is suitable for occupancy”. The exception is “victims of domestic violence, individuals using housing assistance for homeownership opportunities, or family that is offering a property for sale”.
PHAs are also prevented from using more than 20% of their authorized units for project-based vouchers (PBVs; meaning assistance tied to the housing unit not the tenant, like a Section 8 voucher). The exception is an additional 10% for PBVs targeting the homeless, veterans, the elderly, disabled, or for “units in areas where vouchers are difficult to use due to market conditions”.
There are many more changes to the technical functioning of these programs that affect the business of some real estate professionals, but for the sake of brevity we will not summarize the rest of these potential modification here.
What Could Change with FHA
H.R. 3700 would require the FHA to “make recertification substantially less burdensome than original certifications” for condominium mortgage insurance.
The FHA would also have to issue guidance “regarding the percentage of units the must be occupied by the owners…in order for a condominium to be eligible for FHA mortgage insurance”. If the FHA does not issue this guidance within 90 days of the bill being signed into law, the default eligibility requirements would be 35% or more of all family units occupied by the owners or sold to owners who intend to see the occupancy requirements, down from 50%. The FHA would be allowed to adjust afterwards to consider “factors relating to the economy” of the area.
What Could Change with USDA
The Housing Act of 1949 would be amended to permit the USDA to grant preferred lenders its “loan approval authority for the Rural Housing Service’s single family housing guaranteed loan program”. The USDA will be allowed to charge lenders a fee of up to $50 per loan to use the USA’s automated underwriting systems for the program.
Industry Opinions
The legislation was supported by the National Association of REALTORS®, California Association of REALTORS®, California Association of Mortgage Professionals (CAMP), and more. In an email sent on July14th, CAMP states that the legislation “provides significant benefits to taxpayers, homebuyers and the real estate market” through removing a “burdensome and expensive FHA Condo approval process” and reducing “FHA restrictions on the number of condos available to homebuyers.” They also describe the impact on the Rural Housing Loan Service processing as “permanently streamlining”. Tom Salomone, president of NAR, states that “This legislation will put homeownership in reach for more families” and NAR asserts that condominiums “are among the most affordable homeownership potions for first-time homebuyers, as well as lower income borrowers”. This condominium affordability is important, especially when juxtaposed with the assertion of the California Association of REALTORS® that only “10 percent of condominiums nationwide have made it through the burdensome, time-consuming, and expensive FHA-approval process”.
Adhi Schools, LLC Stance
We are dedicated to education and policies that lead to a healthy real estate industry and the general well-being of those seeking housing. This bipartisan bill is a rare chance to make the industry more efficient and open up more housing opportunities to more people. The impacts on the FHA condominium approval process are particularly promising. Broader access to these units incentivizes new housing developments that are necessary to combat the increasingly high cost of housing throughout California and the United States.
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In today’s global economy, real estate is far more than a series of local markets whose prices are determined by local buyers—it is an interconnected, international market where the economic conditions Read more...
In today’s global economy, real estate is far more than a series of local markets whose prices are determined by local buyers—it is an interconnected, international market where the economic conditions in one nation can affect real estate values thousands of miles away. Foreign investment in U.S. real estate is now commonplace and has significant impacts on both commercial and residential market conditions.
Hearing this, a number of questions come to mind: Where is the money coming from and how much is there? Why do foreign nationals and companies want to invest in the United States? How does this investment work? What are the impacts on our economy and different real estate markets? What will happen if this investment slows down?
How much foreign investment is currently in U.S. real estate?
The overall percentage of real estate controlled by foreign buyers depends on whether you are talking about the commercial or residential business.
In 2015, foreign buyers accounted for at least 17% of commercial real estate acquisition by dollar amount (NAIOP, Source 1). The National Association of REALTORS® states that international buyers purchased 4% of existing U.S. homes sold April 2014 through March2015, but those sales added up to 8% of the dollar value (NAR, Source 2). This indicates that high dollar homes are often scooped up by foreign buyers.
Foreign investment in commercial real estate in 2015 totaled $94.3 billion. Foreign investment in residential real estate acquisition in 2015 totaled $104 billion--totalling more than $198 billion in foreign real estate acquisition in the U.S. last year (Asia Society, Source 3).
So who is investing all of this money?
Until very recently Canada was the number one source of residential real estate investment in the U.S., but last year China spent much more than our neighbor to the north in this sector with $28.6 billion to Canada’s $11.2 billion. India was third in residential real estate investment, with investors pouring $7.9 billion into acquisitions.
Commercial real estate acquisitions are still dominated by Canadian investors with $24.6 billion spent last year. Singapore was next with $14.6 billion in acquisitions. China and Norway tied at third with $8.5 billion each spent in commercial real estate acquisitions.
There is a common perception that China is dominating investment and buying everything in America, but these figures show that this is not at all the case, especially in the commercial markets. Canada is spending almost three times as much in commercial real estate investment. Singapore outspent China by $6 billion in U.S. commercial real estate acquisitions despite having a GDP 2.7% the size of China’s (World Bank, 4).
This is not to suggest that China’s purchasing power should be considered miniscule (realistically China will outdistance Canada, Singapore, and Norway in real estate investment before long); rather, it is important to recognize just how many foreign investors from around the world view the United States as a premier investment destination.
There are many reasons people want to invest in U.S. real estate.
The most obvious reason for foreign investment in U.S. real estate is financial gain. Real estate investors, wherever they are located, would like to profit and the U.S. has the world’s largest economy with the world’s largest real estate market that is recovering and growing. For example, Norway’s surprisingly enormous amount of money spent on commercial real estate is the action of the state-run Government Pension Fund of Norway--the largest sovereign wealth fund in the world. The fund spent $7.6 billion on property globally last year in what it describes as an attempt to attain “the highest possible return with a moderate risk level” as a “long-term investor” (WSJ, 5). The focus isn’t necessarily on profiting in the near-term on the income the property provides. One such purchase was a 45% stake in the 40-story tower at 11 Times Square in Manhattan in February 2015 for $401.9 million. The fund also purchased a 49.9% stake of the Foundry Square II property in San Francisco for $139.7 million (Norges Bank, 6).
The United States became the preferred investment destination for these funds because of perceived long-term stability and near-guaranteed long-run appreciation in trophy markets like New York City and San Francisco. The famed Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York sold for $1.95 billion to a Chinese investment group in 2014. That same group bought Strategic Resorts and Hotels, which has luxury hospitality locations across the U.S. in major markets like Silicon Valley and New York, for $6.5 billion this year (NY Times, 7). For an example closer to home for our Southern California readers, think of the Korean Air Wilshire Grand development. Korean Air and its parent company, Hanjin Group, owned the old Wilshire Grand, tore it down, and is in the midst of building what will soon be the tallest building west of the Mississippi to house a new hotel, retail space, and office space at the cost of more than a billion dollars (Curbed, 8). From coast to coast, America’s big markets are attracting billions in real estate investment.
Insecurities and political issues in other markets drive some investors to purchase U.S. real estate as much for stability and security as profit. Many Chinese investors in U.S. real estate were motivated to move money away from a faltering stock market and slowing domestic growth.
According to some experts, others around the world want to protect their assets and get their funds out of their own country. Basically, the U.S. real estate market can act a bit like an offshore bank. From an investor’s perspective, sure the U.S. government taxes your money; but, your investment will never be seized by the state and will likely appreciate over time (US News, 9).
There are of course more reasons to invest in U.S. real estate. Some families have a child attending school in the United States and want to buy a house here. The U.S. can also act as a tax haven (depending on the nationality of the foreign investor), especially considering taxes will not be paid until the property is sold or earns income.
So how does this foreign investment work?
Unlike some other countries, the United States has almost no barriers to to foreign ownership of real estate. Investors are generally taxed on their property’s income or sale just like domestic investors (although some treaties with particular nations can ease this burden). However, recent revision of the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act (FIRPTA) has actually removed some of this tax barrier. FIRPTA guarantees that foreign investors are taxed on their sale of U.S. real estate. The new reforms (which went into effect December 18th, 2015) add more exemptions for foreign pension funds, increases the ownership threshold on the amount of publicly traded real estate investment trust (REIT) stock that foreigners can own before being subject to FIRPTA taxation upon sale of said stock from 5% to 10%, and reforms the rules to determine if REIT is domestically controlled. A strong majority of foreign investors interviewed by the Association of Foreign Investors in Real Estate have said that this reform will lead them to invest more heavily in U.S. real estate (Skadden, 10).
Aside from taxation, unless the foreign buyer is subject to U.S. sanctions (for reasons such as being a war criminal in another nation; it is incredibly uncommon for the U.S. to place sanctions on an individual), there are no restrictions preventing U.S. citizens and organizations doing business with foreign nationals.
As for the actual funding, many international buyers come with cash (including 71% of Chinese buyers 2013-2015). But there are financing options available for these investments. Chinese banks alone have issued $8.5 billion in loans for commercial acquisitions. These same banks make residential loans as well, which are of obvious need for Chinese investors, since they invest more money in residential than commercial real estate acquisitions (Asia Society, 1). However, the Asia Society describes these loans as “limited, but growing”. Those needing lending for residential mortgages are thus more likely to connect with a domestic lending institution for their loan needs. This process is mentioned below.
Foreign buyers can also purchase a first property with cash, then take out a home-equity loan to make funds available for other purchases. With funds in U.S. bank accounts investors can begin to obtain credit and establish a credit history that will enable further investment.
There are also domestic lenders that have targeted foreign real estate investment. Some of these operate nationwide while others only grant these types of loans for specific states. There is a great deal of variance in products offered as well: minimum and maximum loans, LTV, credit reports (or lack thereof), property types, etc.
East West Bank is one of the best examples. Specializing in Chinese commercial investment, East West Bank grants loans (typically between $3 million and $30 million) to investors that might otherwise not be able to attain financing. This bank has chosen to be selective, rejecting some applicants, while employing a strong connection to Chinese culture to remain competitive and a noted voice in this type of investment (Commercial Observer, 11). As of 2013 East-West had an average LTV of 55% across their commercial real estate loan portfolio (we could not find a more recent stat on their LTV rates), making them a fairly conservative lender (East West Bank, 12). Note that this is not a set policy where all investors receive the same terms. East West is selective and adapts to their situation.
BofI Federal Bank is another major player that offers portfolio loans to foreign national borrowers (minimum $300,000, maximum $10 million) at up to 50% LTV. Borrowers have to come in with a large amount of cash, but credit scores are also not required for evaluation.
A&D Mortgage lends to foreign investors, but operates only in south Florida. They will lend up to 70% LTV on up to a $15 million loan on single family, condo, and condo-hotel property types (Scotsman Guide, 13).
The takeaway is that foreign ownership of real estate is a big business and lenders are carving out niches to capitalize on the opportunity. Some are willing to assume more risk than others with higher LTV ratios or proof of credit in their underwriting standards, but overall there are opportunities for foreign buyers to obtain the financing they need.
There are potential hurdles to investment in the form of capital controls in foreign nations. China, for example, typically only allows one of its citizens to take $50,000 out of the country in a given year (Bloomberg, 14). Exceptions for investment and pooling of money allow the substantial investment in real estate we see, but these types of regulations do inhibit some investment
So what are the affects of this foreign investment on U.S. real estate markets?
This external boost to domestic real estate markets can contribute to increasing prices in some cities, which makes sense. Healthy, competitive markets can create price inflation. Buyers may not appreciate the costs of these strong markets, but sellers obviously benefit.
This effect is more noticeable in some cities than others. Very expensive cities like San Francisco and New York see a substantial percentage of real estate transactions involving foreign investors. Chinese investors, for example, spent $9.56 billion on commercial acquisitions in New York City alone between 2010 and 2015 (Asia Society, 1). And while Chinese purchases still make up a small proportion of sales in the overall U.S., Chinese buyers do buy 1 in 14 homes sold for $1 million or more and Chinese buyers pay on average $831,000 for their homes in the U.S. as of last fall (more than three times as much as the median home price in the U.S., $239,700)(NY Times, 15; NAR, 16). It follows that these buyers are concentrating themselves in metropolitan areas like New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, Chicago, Los Angeles, and Miami (The Guardian, 17).
A consequence of this foreign demand is that housing becomes less affordable for domestic buyers. According to the California Association of REALTORS®, as of the the fourth quarter of 2015, only 30% of households in California could afford to purchase the median priced home (39% the median priced condo or townhouse), compared to the 58% U.S. average (CAR, 18). While foreign buyers are obviously far from the only factor creating such a competitive housing market, they do play a role.
This influence is actually most visible in the highest end of real estate. Although housing affordability issues impact lower and middle income individuals the most, the immediate impact of a drop in funding for foreign investment is most visible in expensive markets like Silicon Valley. Despite still having some of the lowest average days on market (DOM) stats in the country, a recent slowdown in investment from China is visible. With China’s faltering stock market and new controls on capital leaving the country coinciding with a 20% decrease in venture capital investments in Silicon Valley in the first quarter of 2016 from Q1 2015, the high end market slowed significantly (WSJ, 19). In April 2016 the average DOM was 16 days, compared to 11 in 2015 and 10 in 2014. The average DOM rose to 30 days in May (Bloomberg, 20). While still a fast market, that is an enormous proportional increase in DOM.
While this is a small market where a handful of lingering properties can impact the statistics, the example is there: high end markets have become more dependent on foreign investment than other markets. Other high end markets could be susceptible to similar problems.
Another impact is on cap rates in commercial real estate. The steep competition that foreign investment is contributing to has “kept cap rates suppressed” between five and six percent on average as foreign investors continue to perceive retail assets as “long-term stability” investments. (Globest, 21) As demand for investment real estate increases and prices keep getting pushed up, cap rates will continue to decrease.
Cap rates are staying low because expensive buildings--even with expensive leases and high operating income--are not seeing rents increase quickly enough to raise cap rates. Part of this is investors buying buildings that already have tenants with set leases. Until the lease is up the investor cannot negotiate higher rent to increase cap rates.
Demand is another significant factor. Investors are willing to pay a high price for a property with long-term appreciation in mind. This means paying higher prices than one would pay if they were solely using income to evaluate the investment. Consider the example of the Government Pension Fund of Norway from earlier. Their focus is so much on income - it was purchased at a 2.9% cap rate. But that return provides some short-term benefit while the overall value of the property provides the long-term investment incentive.
While some of these effects seem negative, consider a few benefits. Foreign investment helped the housing market recover after the crash as valuable dollars continued to flow into the market. It may not have been a comfort to those losing their homes, but it was beneficial to the economy. And foreign investment also generates tax revenue. While this may not be a benefit that many people think of, a strong real estate market does provide valuable tax revenues (with benefits such as funding public schools).
So what happens if the foreign investment dries up?
If foreign investment in real estate has become a significant factor in the strength of the market, it follows that there should be concern about the longevity of this investment.
First, there is little reason to fear foreign investment ceasing. Even with China’s increased internal controls on capital leaving the country, there is enormous demand for American real estate. This demand is created in a number of ways (mostly explained above). As long as the U.S. is a major economic player on the global stage (which is inevitable for the foreseeable future), there will be demand. Abundant coastline and large metropolitan cities that create high prices for domestic buyers also draw foreign buyers.
If there are fluctuations in this foreign demand they should act just as a fluctuation in domestic demand. Days on market could increase and thus draw down prices, but as foreign investment is still far from a majority of investment, this effect should not be as strong as when domestic demand falters. In some cities there could be less effect as domestic buyers find they can afford homes when competition is slightly decreased.
Take Away
At the end of the day there will always be people concerned about foreign outsiders buying their cities or driving up prices for the local population. Calls for higher taxes on foreign investment and other restrictions will never cease. But it is our position that barriers to the influx of foreign dollars into real estate markets other is not a sound decision. Without foreign investment the last recession and housing market crash would have dragged on longer, harming the same people that investment controls would allegedly protect. Strong real estate markets do create affordability issues in some cases, but also the potential for job creation with new construction and the subsequent affected industries and buying power of employed workers. And while some may not approve of this influence, it is a difficult position to tell property owners that they should receive lower selling prices when they sell their property because international buyers are not investing in the market.
The U.S. real estate market is not completely dependent upon foreign investment, but it is significantly influenced by it (in some local markets much more than others). It is unlikely that this will change in an increasingly globalized economy.
Sources
1) http://www.naiop.org/en/Magazine/2016/Spring-2016/Finance/Cross-border-Investment-in-US-Commercial--Real-Estate.aspx
2) http://www.realtor.org/sites/default/files/reports/2015/2015-profile-of-international-home-buying-activity-2015-06-18.pdf
3) http://asiasociety.org/files/uploads/66files/Asia%20Society%20Breaking%20Ground%20Complete%20Final.pdf
4) http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GDP.pdf
5) http://www.wsj.com/articles/norway-fund-bulks-up-on-real-estate-1424795145
6) https://www.nbim.no/en/transparency/news-list/2014/fund-makes-new-investment-in-san-francisco/
7) http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/14/business/dealbook/chinese-owner-of-waldorf-astoria-bets-big-on-more-us-hotels.html
8) http://la.curbed.com/2015/7/13/9941028/wilshire-grand-construction
9) http://realestate.usnews.com/real-estate/articles/how-international-issues-affect-foreign-investment-in-us-real-estate/
10) https://www.skadden.com/insights/firpta-reform-impacts-investment-opportunities-us-real-estate
11) https://commercialobserver.com/2014/10/east-west-bank-poised-profit-chinese-investors-us-real-estate/
12) https://www.scotsmanguide.com/pages/niche-lenders/foreign-national-and-itin-mortgage-loans
13) https://www.bloomberg.com/tosv2.html?vid=&uuid=133b14a0-4ea9-11ea-9274-c31866829c8f&url=L25ld3MvYXJ0aWNsZXMvMjAxNC0wNy0xNC9zZWNyZXQtc
GF0aC1yZXZlYWxlZC1mb3ItY2hpbmVzZS1iaWxsaW9ucy1vdmVyc2Vhcw==
14) http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/29/business/international/chinese-cash-floods-us-real-estate-market.html?_r=0
15) https://ycharts.com/indicators/us_existing_home_median_sales_price
16) https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/may/16/chinese-pour-110bn-into-us-real-estate-says-study
17) http://www.car.org/marketdata/data/haitraditional/
18) http://www.wsj.com/articles/china-boosts-efforts-to-keep-money-at-home-1441120882
19) http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-05-17/silicon-valley-mansions-linger-on-market-in-real-estate-slowdown
20) http://www.globest.com/sites/geofferymetz/2016/05/23/retail-at-a-glance-whats-driving-foreign-investment/?slreturn=20160502123659
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As the lending industry evolves, changes are made to credit reporting. The newest of these changes is the emergence of a concept known as “trended credit data”. Equifax, one of the three major credit Read more...
As the lending industry evolves, changes are made to credit reporting. The newest of these changes is the emergence of a concept known as “trended credit data”. Equifax, one of the three major credit bureaus, has called it “the most important tool developed by the credit reporting agencies since the advent of the credit score” (CAMP source). Fannie Mae will be implementing trended data (TD) into its Desktop Underwriter risk assessment and automated loan underwriting software on September 24th, with the launch of DU 10.0.
Currently credit scores provide a picture of consumer behavior at a moment in time—a snapshot of sorts—and do not necessarily demonstrate how a borrower has managed credit over a period of time. The trended credit data provides information over time, attempting to more thoroughly tell the story behind a credit score. There are many questions and concerns with this new system, so we have tried to address many of them here.
How does trended credit data work?
Trended data will typically go back 24 months. Right now trended data just means data on the use, balance, and payment history of revolving credit cards. Other information will likely eventually be incorporated and examined over time, but for now it is essentially an examination of credit utilization and actual payment amounts on these accounts.
What exactly does this mean? With trended data, a viewer of a report will be able to view the way someone manages their credit card accounts in aggregate. Has their balance been slowly decreasing? Do they always pay off their card in full at the end of the month? Does the cardholder spend more seasonally (think summer vacations and holiday shopping)? What does their credit utilization rate (CUR) typically look like?
This information is very useful for two groups of hypothetical loan applicants. First, consider three applicants for a loan. They all have the same credit score—720. Just looking at that number, it would be difficult to determine any difference in risk in lending (if other traditional factors like down payment and income are appropriate for their application). But logically we know those people could have different levels of risk (debt, late or missed payments, etc.). Now let’s say trended data shows us that one of those applicants has an increasing aggregate balance across their cards, one has stayed roughly even and is making payments, and the other is demonstrably lowering aggregate credit card debt over time. Obviously the applicant with rising debt is more risky than the others. Along the same line of thought, the applicant lowering debt is likely the safest—they already have a good credit score, but are following debt management practices that suggest that in the future their score would be even better.
The other group of hypotheticals is the applicant that has good credit, a good application, but shows a high credit utilization rate. This means that their aggregate credit card debt is near their overall credit limit. This is a factor that can lower credit scores and is typically a red flag for approving an application (in the event the credit score is still in an acceptable range). Trended data can show how this debt has been accumulating and what the applicant’s debt management usually looks like. If the applicant is a seasonal credit utilizer that always pays off the debt the next month, then there is far less concern. In this case trended data may help someone get approved that normally would not have at that time.
DU 10.0 will allow underwriting for borrowers without credit scores. Currently this requires manual underwriting, and manual underwriting for these people will continue in some cases. To underwrite, a three-in-file merged credit report and evidence of at least 2 trade lines that stretch back at least 12 months will be required. One of these trade lines must be housing (rent payments), but the other can be anything, such as payments on a cell phone bill. There are more hoops to jump through as far as qualifications (proof of income, bank statements, loan-to-value ratio limits, etc.), but any applicant with no credit score should not expect a traditional process.
What does this mean for consumers trying to qualify for a mortgage?
Applicants with good scores but increasing aggregate balances across their cards are going to have more problems qualifying for loans than they did in the past. Upward trends in this debt indicate measurable, substantial increase in risk. According to the California Association of Mortgage Professionals (via TransUnion), these borrowers are 33-55% riskier (CAMP source) than similar borrowers who pay off their accounts in full every month.
People with decreasing aggregate balances on credit cards are going to fare better in the application process than in the past. These people are considered relatively lower risk and the process of trended credit will help these borrowers prove creditworthiness.
Under this system it is likely that rapid credit fixes (like paying off a credit card) will have an impact on score and likelihood of receiving a loan, albeit a smaller impact than before due to the fact that trended data will be able to determine overall riskiness of debt management, not just focusing on one or two good recent decisions.
While Fannie Mae is changing the way it looks at credit and underwriting, it does not actually anticipate a substantial change in the percentage of approvals. Through better risk assessment they anticipate more accurate approval, but this does not necessarily mean that the number of qualified applicants is lower. It just means that the number of those who would have been approved in the past, but will not now, is roughly equal to the number that would not have been approved in the past, but will now.
Who is NOT Affected by TD?
Other popular sources will not yet be impacted by TD. Freddie Mac will not (yet) be using trended data. FHA and VA applications to DU will not be impacted yet by trended data either. It is quite possible that these programs will all be impacted by TD soon, but at least for now TD is just relevant to Fannie Mae products.
FICO credit scores and VantageScores will also not include trended data in their calculation.
There will also be the same vehicle for borrowers to dispute data as currently exists. Likewise, Adverse Actions and the required disclosures will also be the same.
SOURCES
https://www.fanniemae.com/content/fact_sheet/desktop-underwriter-trended-data.pdf
https://www.corelogic.com/downloadable-docs/trended-data-faq_external.pdf
“Trended Credit Data and DU 10.0”, a webinar presentation, California Association of Mortgage Professionals (CAMP)
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We wrote recently about potential updates to Section 8 housing law in California. S.B. 1053, sponsored by Sen. Mark Leno (D-San Francisco) would have made it illegal for a landlord to deny a housing applicant Read more...
We wrote recently about potential updates to Section 8 housing law in California. S.B. 1053, sponsored by Sen. Mark Leno (D-San Francisco) would have made it illegal for a landlord to deny a housing applicant because they receive Section 8 assistance. This bill failed to move out of the Appropriations Committee, ending the possibility of the bill passing and becoming law.
The California Apartment Association (CAA) had opposed the proposed legislation for a few reasons. Owners and operators working with Section 8 have to abide by a different set of regulations than those strictly governed by state and local law, so CAA thought this regulatory burden should remain voluntary. These landlords must also cooperate with the local housing agency to receive their payment and many landlords believe this complex system (coupled with accusations of government inefficiency in payment) decrease the economic viability of their properties. Lastly, the cost of insurance for Section 8 voucher properties can be higher (as much as 20% higher, according to the CAA).
These concerns prompted the CAA to oppose the legislation. For now, Section 8 policies are unchanged in California.
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A couple of months ago I wrote about the restrictions on the use of drones (also referred to as UAS) for commercial purposes. Some real estate professionals had become interested in aerial photography Read more...
A couple of months ago I wrote about the restrictions on the use of drones (also referred to as UAS) for commercial purposes. Some real estate professionals had become interested in aerial photography and videos for their listings, but without a pilot’s license and a waiver from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) any commercial use was illegal. The FAA has now announced finalized rules on commercial use of drones that make operation more accessible. If you are interested in using drones in a real estate business, here is what you need to know:
The pilot’s license requirement is gone. The drone operator must be at least 16 years old and have a “remote pilot certificate with a small UAS rating, or be directly supervised by someone with such a certificate.” This certificate comes with a passed aeronautical knowledge test at an FAA-approved testing center or a Part 61 pilot certificate with a UAS online training course provided by the FAA. This new rule is much less stringent than the old rule, but still requires commercial drone operators to understand the rules of air traffic and and pass a TSA security background check. A real estate professional cannot just buy a drone, attach a camera, and start flying it for commercial purposes or pay someone else to do it unless they also have passed the requisite tests.
There are assorted safety rulesin place—the industry is not being entirely deregulated. Operators of drones must keep them within their line of sight, below 400 feet altitude or within 400 feet of a structure, and at or below 100 mph groundspeed.
UAS may not be operated over any persons “not directly participating in the operation” unless they are under a covered structure or inside a covered, stationary vehicle
Operation is permitted during daylight hours and during civil twilight (30 minutes before official sunrise and 30 minutes after official sunset) with appropriate anti-collision lighting
There is little word on any updates to the fines of violation of this policy. We know from the past that the FAA will fine those that unlawfully use drones for commercial purposes. SkyPan was fined $1.9 million dollars and industry experts expected fines to typically fall in the $1,000-$10,000 range before this rule. There will be a new fine of at least $500 if an operator causes serious injury or property damage with the UAS and does not report the incident to the FAA.
The FAA believes these changes are important to safely “spur job growth, advance critical scientific research and save lives” with impacts ranging from our real estate industry to the ability to “deploy disaster relief”. The FAA cites industry experts who believe the rule could generate more than 100,000 jobs and $82 billion for the economy over the next 10 years.
The next potential regulations will deal with privacy and data collection issues. The FAA does not currently regulate how UAS gather data, instead deferring to local and state privacy laws. It is possible that commercial use regulations will be created to address these concerns.
What do you think about the use of drones in the real estate industry? Is this a fad or will it become more common? Comment below or reach out to me at cody@adhischools.com for any questions or clarifications.
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In what should be exciting news to any Veterans looking to pursue a career in real estate, effective July 1st the initial licensure processing for all honorably discharged Veterans will be expedited.
S.B. Read more...
In what should be exciting news to any Veterans looking to pursue a career in real estate, effective July 1st the initial licensure processing for all honorably discharged Veterans will be expedited.
S.B. 1226 added Section 115.4 to the Business and Professions Code (BPC) and requires that all boards within the jurisdiction of the Department of Consumer Affairs “expedite, and may assist, the initial licensure process” for any applicant that can prove honorable discharge from the U.S. Armed Forces. This includes the licensure process under the California Bureau of Real Estate. The Salesperson Exam/ License Application also provides the details for this expedited process. There is no word yet on how expedited the process will be, but considering the process can currently take several weeks this should be a valuable perk for Veterans.
We at Adhi Schools would like to thank all Veterans for their service and remind our readers that Veterans receive a 25% discount from our live packages if they choose Adhi for their real estate education. We are proud to say that we have many Veteran students who have completed our programs and we always provide the highest quality real estate education to those who have served our country.
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Like any professional license, a real estate licensee can have his or her license suspended or revoked for various reasons. Criminal conduct is one of those, which makes sense considering the responsibilities Read more...
Like any professional license, a real estate licensee can have his or her license suspended or revoked for various reasons. Criminal conduct is one of those, which makes sense considering the responsibilities of a real estate agent. Few people would want to be represented by someone they do not trust while relying on that person for financial advice, showing their home, and handling the paperwork to buy or sell property.
Passing the California real estate exam does not equal an endorsement of one’s character and there are a lot of reasons why trust in your real estate agent is important. The good news is that in California, if a real estate licensee breaks the law there is a possibility that they will have their license suspended or revoked, protecting potential clients.
The California Bureau of Real Estate (CalBRE) runs background checks before granting licenses and reserves the right to deny them if an applicant has been convicted of a “substantially related crime”. Sections 480 and 490 of the Business and Professions Code define this as an act that may be deemed substantially related to the qualifications, functions, or duties of a real estate licensee, with more specific details of applicable conduct available here. Because the background check process involves fingerprinting, CalBRE is notified by the Department of Justice and the Bureau immediately begins an investigation to determine if the crime is substantially related. Disciplinary action can then be taken, including suspension or revocation of the license.
While this seems to be conveniently outlined by the law, below are a few cases that show how broad the phrase “substantially related crime” is. We have pulled real examples of disciplinary action from the CalBRE “Verify a License” section on their website, but have chosen to leave the individuals at the center of these cases relatively anonymous out of professional courtesy and good taste.
Case #1 is relatively straightforward—a real estate broker failed to properly oversee trust funds in his control and negligently allowed a shortage of $111,828.27 to occur. It was determined to not be a case of intentional mismanagement. and the broker license was revoked with a right to a Restricted license. The broker went on (a few years later) to regain a non-restricted broker’s license.
In Case #2 a real estate salesperson was convicted of two misdemeanor counts of cruelty to a child in connection with public intoxication. CalBRE believed that the cruelty to a child convictions were serious enough to revoke the salesperson license because of the threat of substantial injury to the children. Although CalBRE offered a path to a Restricted license, it doesn’t appear that the licensee performed the required steps to obtain this.
In Case #3 a real estate salesperson was convicted of felony assault and his license was revoked as the crime was substantially related to the qualifications, function, and duties of a real estate licensee. In this case there has been no action to restore the license or grant a restricted license to the offender.
What these three cases illustrate is CalBRE’s commitment to maintaining the standards of the real estate profession. The system in place recognizes, assesses, and meets a crime with appropriate disciplinary action. Few would argue that Case #1 and Case #3 should be met with identical punishment and they were not. While there is always the possibility for poor judgment or an appeals court overturning a CalBRE decision (which has happened), the system is in place for a reason and often functions well.
On top of the potential for a loss of license, if an agent or broker is a REALTOR® and is found to be in violation of the REALTOR® Code of Ethics, disciplinary action from the local REALTOR® association can include fines and suspension of REALTOR® membership. Many crimes would result in a violation of this code, so criminal offenses can be met with considerable consequences even if CalBRE or the courts decide that a license will not be suspended or revoked.
As always, for questions or clarifications just leave a message in the comment section or reach out to cody@adhischools.com . We welcome your opinions.
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Illegal immigrants, undocumented workers, illegal aliens—whatever the chosen vocabulary, there are millions of people residing in the United States and California that fall into this category. Illegal Read more...
Illegal immigrants, undocumented workers, illegal aliens—whatever the chosen vocabulary, there are millions of people residing in the United States and California that fall into this category. Illegal immigrants live somewhere and with California’s notoriously high prices, renting is the only option for many. This raises questions for the landlord. Can you ask about immigration status? Do you have to rent to an illegal immigrant if you do not wish to? Are illegal immigrants reliable renters?
California law prohibits a “landlord or any agent of the landlord” from inquiring about the immigration or citizenship status (or compelling a statement about immigration or citizenship status) of a “tenant, prospective tenant, occupant, or prospective occupant of residential rental property”. That same section of code does allow the landlord to request information or documents in order to verify an applicant’s identity and/or financial qualifications.
Remember, illegal immigrants can receive driver’s licenses in California and it is illegal to discriminate in employment or housing because of the nature of a driver’s license. Asking for identification documents might turn up one of these driver’s licenses. The person will not have a Social Security number, making it more difficult to verify information and financial capability. However, credit screening companies can run a credit report without a Social Security number if they have information such as the Individual Tax Identification Number. Because of this the California Apartment Association (CAA) recommends not rejecting applications because they do not have a Social Security number. Rather, they recommend a credit report and allowing the applicant to submit other evidence of financial stability, such as payment history on monthly bills like utilities. If at this point the applicant does not demonstrate adequate financial qualifications, there is significantly less risk in denying the application (as opposed to immediately rejecting the application when it becomes evident the applicant is not a legal resident of the country).
Whatever your screening process for tenancy applicants, put it in writing and follow it consistently. If someone is turned away—whether they are a legal resident of the country or not—and evidence suggests that another person was not turned away despite similar qualifications or lack thereof, it could be viewed as unlawful discrimination. As we discussed in our article about renting to convicted criminals, it is lawful to conduct an “individualized assessment” to determine if an applicant will be accepted for tenancy; what is not permitted is using this process to circumvent policy in a discriminatory manner. To put it into context for this article, if strict financial standards are put in place to rent (which can have legitimate purpose), it would be risky to specifically use individualized assessments to allow only citizens or legal residents of the United States to rent from you in order to weed out illegal immigrant applicants.
The bottom line is if an individual meets all other requirements to rent from you, it is risky to turn them away. If the applicant does not provide a form of identification along with evidence of financial qualifications, they can be rejected without risk (after all, it does not matter where someone is from, if they cannot prove who they are then those financial qualifications only prove someone is qualified to rent). Without a genuine reason (think finances, certain types of criminal record, etc.), however, discriminating against illegal immigrants in the State of California is not an advisable practice.
As always, for questions or clarifications just leave a message in the comment section or reach out to cody@adhischools.com . We welcome your opinions.
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Medical marijuana, the controversial practice that flies in the face of federal legal classifications of the drug, has been a troublesome topic for landlords for some time. While California landlords have Read more...
Medical marijuana, the controversial practice that flies in the face of federal legal classifications of the drug, has been a troublesome topic for landlords for some time. While California landlords have had the right to prevent tenants from smoking in their residences under existing smoking laws, the law lacked the clarity needed to assure landlords of the legality of medical marijuana smoking bans. A new bill working its way through the state legislature would clarify the law.
California Assembly Bill 2300 is authored by Assemblyman Jim Wood (D-Healdsburg) and is sponsored by the California Apartment Association (CAA) and supported by the California Association of Realtors. It specifically states that individuals permitted to smoke medical marijuana may not in “any location at which smoking is prohibited by law or prohibited by a landlord”. Marijuana is essentially being treated much more like tobacco.
This will not give landlords the legal ability to prevent individuals with a medical cannabis card from consumption of marijuana in any noncombustible form, including the use of edibles, oils, pills, patches, or vaporizers. The language of the bill specifically states smoking is prohibited with no language addressing these methods.
AB 2300 passed through the assembly floor on May 5th with broad bipartisan support—of the 80 potential votes, 77 votes yes and 3 were either absent or abstained. It is currently at the first reading stage in the state senate, meaning a vote should occur in the near future. If it passes—which looks probable given its bipartisan success in the assembly—it will move to the governor’s desk to be signed into law or be vetoed.
If a landlord chooses to exercise this right, clear, specific lease agreements are crucial. Just like any other provision of tenancy, landlords should make it clear that they are renting with conditions in mind. If this bill becomes law and landlords can treat marijuana like tobacco, it would still be wise—if for no other reason than convenience down the road—to clearly explain this policy and present it in a leasing agreement. Clear communication is a safe practice.
We will be sure to update our readers as this process unfolds. As always, for questions or clarifications simply comment below or reach out to cody@adhischools.com
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You’re a landlord and you receive an application for one of your vacant units. You get excited, looking forward to the income, but then you learn that the applicant has a criminal record. What do you Read more...
You’re a landlord and you receive an application for one of your vacant units. You get excited, looking forward to the income, but then you learn that the applicant has a criminal record. What do you do?
Maybe it matters what the crime is. You might feel comfortable renting to a nonviolent offender convicted twenty years ago. Maybe mental illness was involved and the convicted individual has demonstrably undergone successful treatment.
But what about a sex offender or someone recently convicted of running a meth lab in their last residence? Obviously the type of crime and amount of time since the conviction will impact your perception of risk. So what do you do? You want to protect your property and other tenants.
Landlords must be careful to ensure that their reaction to these situations is not perceived as unlawfully discriminatory. While no state or federal law prevents discrimination that solely targets criminal offenders, it is illegal for the practice to discriminate against protected groups such as racial minorities, regardless of intent.
On April 4th, 2016 the U.S. Office of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) announced that their interpretation of the Fair Housing Act is that any policy or practice that is “facially neutral” but has a “disparate impact on individuals of a particular race, national origin, or other protected class” is “unlawful”, unless the policy or practice is “necessary to achieve a substantial, legitimate, nondiscriminatory interest”. This is where the type of offense and the period of time since the conviction come into play. While refusing to rent to an arsonist who burned down his last apartment building can be considered legitimate, discriminating against someone with a petty theft conviction may be more difficult to justify. Especially if it turns out that you are turning away members of an otherwise protected class and you don't have uniform standards.
The last requirement is an evaluation of potential, less discriminatory, alternatives. In the event a policy is challenged and upheld as lawful, HUD or the rejected tenant can examine alternatives. The landlord does not need to search for alternatives to their legal policy—this burden falls on HUD (or the potential tenant to recommend a HUD-approved policy). But change could be prompted if HUD finds the necessary interest of the policy “could be served by another practice that has a less discriminatory effect”. This could be a mandate to include an “individualized assessment” that allows the potential tenant to prove good tenant history since the conviction, evidence of rehabilitation, etc. This may not change the decision for the individual appealing the rejection of their application, but in theory it would make the policy less discriminatory over time. And in October of last year HUD allocated $38 million to more than 100 groups to fight housing discrimination. Legal challenges to these policies should be anticipated.
So, unless you end up rejecting candidates in proportions that match your population, you could wind up on the wrong end of allegations of illegal discrimination. Thus, it is important to have a well thought out, comprehensive, consistent standard for these situations. And, if in doubt, contact legal counsel specializing in these issues.
In summary, here are the rules to keep in mind to best protect yourself:
Consider the nature of the crime
Consider how long it has been since the conviction
Apply your standard consistently—exceptions are risky!
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